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Presentation on theme: "The Unification of Italy"— Presentation transcript: 1 The Unification of Italy 2 Background From 1100s to 1800s central Europe was made up of numerous kingdoms, principalities, and free cities A small group of dedicated Italians and Germans worked to unify these territories into nations They were inspired by the success of the American Revolution and the experience of the Napoleonic Wars 3 Role of Napoleon in Development of Italian NationalismItalian Peninsula had not been unified since fall of Roman Empire Most spoke same language, but peninsula divided into competing states, each with own government Napoleon invaded Italy United many states under one government Unification did not last After Napoleon’s defeat, Congress of Vienna split Italian states Spirit of nationalism began to rise through Europe 4 Napoleon conquered the Italian peninsula and created the puppet Kingdom of Italy in 1797.Napoleon combined the smaller Italian city-states into larger units to make his rule more efficient. Opposition to him as a foreign ruler stimulated Italian nationalism. 5 6 Background Inspired by NATIONALISMThe desire for national independence One of the most powerful forces in Europe during the 1800s In 1815 the modern nation of Italy did not exist The Italian Peninsula was divided into a number of independent states with foreign rulers 7 After Congress of ViennaAustrian Prince Metternich wanted Congress of Vienna to maintain old Europe, old relationships 15 years after Congress, old order destroyed beyond repair 1800s, nationalism a growing force in Europe, fostered by decisions made at Congress of Vienna 8 Impact of Congress of Vienna’s DecisionsNational Groups Ignored Congress had ignored national groups, placing them under control of large empires; some empires included different ethnic groups Italians split into three groups—much of northern Italy under Austrian rule, other states under Hapsburgs, still others under a French ruler Italian nationalism grew in opposition to these conditions 9 The Congress of Vienna (1815) restored the Italian city-states with their pre-Napoleon reactionary governments. Austria gained control of Lombardy and Venezia and dominated many of the smaller states. The Bourbon dynasty was returned to rule in Naples. The Congress of Vienna established a system, the Concert of Europe, to stop the growth of revolutionary nationalism set in motion by the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. 10 Background Congress of ViennaRestoration of the pre-Napoleonic patchwork of independent governments Groups in several Italian states began to push the idea of a unified Italian

Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon vs Charlemagne Napoleon vs Napoleon Nice Peter as Napoleon Bonaparte EpicLLOYD as Napoleon BonaparteCharacter informationBirth nameNapoleone BuonaparteNickname(s)Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon ILe Petit CorporalBoney ManBornAugust 15, 1769Ajaccio, Corsica, FranceDiedMay 5, 1821 (aged 51)Longwood, Saint HelenaPhysical descriptionHairDark brownEyesBrownBased onRap battle informationAppeared inNapoleon vs NapoleonNapoleon vs CharlemagneVsNapoleon vs Napoleon:Napoleon DynamiteNapoleon vs Charlemagne:CharlemagneRelease dateNapoleon vs Napoleon:May 18, 2011Napoleon vs Charlemagne:February 12, 2025Votes on websiteNapoleon vs Napoleon:80% (Old poll from ERB Website)Napoleon vs Charlemagne:TBALocation(s)Napoleon vs Napoleon:A moving blue backgroundBrown paper with writingOld-fashioned wallpaperNapoleon vs Charlemagne:Moscow, 1812Palace of AachenCameo appearanceLewis and Clark vs Bill and Ted Nice Peter vs EpicLLOYD Cameo informationAppeared inNice Peter vs EpicLLOYDLewis and Clark vs Bill and TedDuringEpicLLOYD's first verseBill & Ted's first verseLocation(s)An orange background (Nice Peter vs EpicLLOYD)The Circle K (Lewis and Clark vs Bill and Ted)News/Sponsorship informationHosted/PresentedNapoleon vs CharlemagneRelease dateFebruary 12, 2025“Le Petit Corporal, here to get my groove on! — Napoleon Bonaparte”Napoleon Bonaparte battled Napoleon Dynamite in Napoleon vs Napoleon and Charlemagne in Napoleon vs Charlemagne. He also made two cameo appearances in Nice Peter vs EpicLLOYD and Lewis and Clark vs Bill and Ted. He was portrayed by EpicLLOYD on all occasions, except in Napoleon vs Charlemagne, where he was portrayed by Nice Peter.Information on the rapper[]Napoleon Bonaparte, sometimes referred to as Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader during the latter stages of the French Revolution. He was born in Corsica on August 15th, 1769 (a year after Corsica's acquisition by France) to minor nobility of Italian origin. Napoleon moved to the French mainland at the age of nine where he initially was outspoken in his support for Corsican nationalism. At the age of 10, he started learning French, though he still spoke it with a Corsican accent and was frequently bullied for it. He eventually became an avid supporter of the French Revolution and distinguished himself through his various military victories against counter-revolutionary forces and the First Coalition. Napoleon then attempted to invade Egypt in 1798, hoping to cut off British trade with India. While the invasion may have been failure, it is considered to have played a large role in the birth

2. Which person strongly believes that Napoleon was murdered? DETAIL a. B en Weider b. Pascal Kintz 3. What may have caused the wallpaper at Napoleon’s house to release arsenic into the air? DETAIL a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. Napoleon’s death was due to a medical mistake. Napoleon was exposed to arsenic while living on St . Helena. Napoleon’s diet contributed to his death. The reason for Napoleon’s death cannot be explained. 5. Why does François de Candé- Montholon seem proud that his ancestor murdered Napoleon? INFERENCE a. b. c. d. Review this reading skill in Unit 5B a doctor spilling arsenic a new paint for the ceiling the hot and humid weather the removal of old wallpaper 4. Which of the following do both David Jones and St even Karch believe? DETAIL FACT OR SPECULATION c. Jean Tulard d. Paul Fornes because he has a personal dislike of Napoleon because by murdering Napoleon, his ancestor became an aristocrat because he solved the mystery of Napoleon’s death on his own because it makes his family seem more important and interesting B. Find the information below (1–7) in the passage. Is each presented as a fact or a speculation? Write F (fact) or S (speculation). Then circle the words in the passage that indicate the speculations. 1. An autopsy showed that Napoleon had a stomach ulcer when he died. 2. Napoleon was poisoned by the British and by French royalists. 3. The wallpaper in Napoleon’s home contained arsenic. 4. Napoleon ate a lot of seafood while living on St . Helena. 5. The chemical mercurous chloride caused Napoleon’s heart to stop beating. 6. Napoleon fathered a child with another man’s wife on St . Helena. 7. Napoleon is now buried in Paris. Unit 8A 133-150_16296_REX_SB4_U08_ptg01.indd 139 139 8/26/19 12:14 PM READING SKILL Evaluating Evidence When a text presents one or more theories on a topic, the reader needs to weigh any claims of evidence to determine how well the evidence supports the theory. Questions to ask while reading include: • What evidence supports the theory (facts, examples, expert opinions, etc.)? • How well does the evidence support the theory? • How credible are the sources of information and the people making the claims? • Could the evidence be biased to favor a particular theory? EVALUATING EVIDENCE A. Check (✓) the evidence the writer provides in Reading A to support each theory (1–5). In some cases, more than one answer is possible. 1. Napoleon was poisoned with arsenic as an act of political murder. a. aSmpl es of Napoleon’s hair showed that it contained arsenic. b. A letter was found saying the poisoning of Napoleon was deliberate. 2. Napoleon was accidentally poisoned by arsenic. a. The wallpaper of the building Napoleon lived in contained arsenic. b. Napoleon’s diet probably consisted of large amounts of seafood. 3. Napoleon was accidentally killed by his own doctors. a. Doctors gave Napoleon mercurous chloride the day before his death. b. Doctors admitted that

Cavour encouraged the investment of foreign capital from countries such as Britain and France to develop industry in Piedmont. Britain and France now had a financial interest in Italian unification and the elimination of all Austrian influence from the Italian peninsula. Public opinion mounted in Britain and France in favor of the unification of Italy. Britain stood to gain increased trade from an independent Italy. France wanted to weaken Austria, especially after 1858, hoping to gain new territory in northwestern Italy. 63 The secret Treaty of Plombières was signed in 1858 between Piedmont-Sardinia and France.Napoleon III agreed to join Piedmont-Sardinia in a war against Austria. In return for its support, France would receive a major portion of the province of Savoy including the city of Nice. 64 Cavour wins support Foreign support & diplomacy seen as main successesAlso important was link with National Society Number of its leaders beginning to accept Piedmont as focus for unification Cavour now looked to France for help against Austria 65 The combined armies of France and Piedmont-Sardinia defeated Austria at the battles of Magenta and Solferino in June 1859. This second War of Italian Independence drove Austria out of Lombardy which was then annexed by Piedmont-Sardinia. The pro-Austrian rulers of Parma, Tuscany, Modena, and Romagna were deposed later in 1859. 66 Fearing a Prussian entry into the war to aid Austria and after a negative reaction from the French people because of the high losses to the French army, Napoleon III signed a separate peace with Austria and withdrew from the war before Venezia could be liberated. France received the territory of Savoy in return for its support. A plebiscite was held in Nice in 1860 resulting in its union with France. 67 War with Austria 1859 War provoked with AustriaFrench (with limited help from Piedmont) won 2 closely fought victories Austria on brink of surrender Napoleon III now pulled put of the war – Truce of Villafranca! Cavour was furious – resigned as PM 68 War of 1859 Sardinia-Piedmont still sought expansion across ItalyCavour saw that Piedmont would not be able to do it alone hoped to secure aid from Britain and France in expelling the Austrians Attempted to gain western favor by supporting them in the Crimean War not successful Italian matters were ignored at the Congress of Paris On January 14, 1858, an Italian nationalist Felice Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon